The physiology of diving is part of entry level training for professional divers, but may vary for recreational divers, as some certification agencies provide the minimum needed for the specific certification.
Some basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology are necessary for understanding the effects of diving on the human body, the mechanisms of reasonably foreseeable injuries that may be incurred during diving activities, and the response that may be necessary in the event of such injuries. Relevance in diver education and training
6.4.1 Positive and negative pressure breathing. 6.2.3 Toxicity of contaminants in the breathing gas. 6.1.1 Absorption and release of inert gases. 6.1 Metabolically inert components of the breathing gas. 4.1 Physiological responses to deep breath-hold diving. 1 Relevance in diver education and training. The underwater environment also affects sensory input, which can impact on safety and the ability to function effectively at depth. Work of breathing is increased by increased density of the breathing gas, artifacts of the breathing apparatus, and hydrostatic pressure variations due to posture in the water. Metabolically active gases have a greater effect in proportion to their concentration, which is proportional to their partial pressure, which for contaminants is increased in proportion to absolute ambient pressure. Metabolically inactive gases are absorbed by the tissues and may have narcotic or other undesirable effects, and must be released slowly to avoid the formation of bubbles during decompression. Breathing under pressure involves several effects. Large or sudden changes in ambient pressure have the potential for injury known as barotrauma. Breath-hold duration is limited by oxygen reserves, the response to raised carbon dioxide levels, and the risk of hypoxic blackout, which has a high associated risk of drowning. Exposure to cold water can result in the harmful cold shock response, the helpful diving reflex and excessive loss of body heat. Immersion affects fluid balance, circulation and work of breathing. All of these may affect diver performance and safety. 
Several factors influence the diver, including immersion, exposure to the water, the limitations of breath-hold endurance, variations in ambient pressure, the effects of breathing gases at raised ambient pressure, effects caused by the use of breathing apparatus, and sensory impairment. It, therefore, includes the range of physiological effects generally limited to human ambient pressure divers either freediving or using underwater breathing apparatus. Human physiology of underwater diving is the physiological influences of the underwater environment on the human diver, and adaptations to operating underwater, both during breath-hold dives and while breathing at ambient pressure from a suitable breathing gas supply. For Physiologiacl influences of the underwater environment on air-breathing vertebrates, see Physiology of underwater diving.
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